RESUMO: O presente estudo testou se a biomassa radicular de misturas compostas por gramíneas é maior do que os seus respectivos monocultivos. Os tratamentos foram monocultivos de Arrhenatherum elatius, Festuca arundinacea, Dactylis glomerata e uma mistura delas, cultivadas em um solo rico em nutrientes. A biomassa da raiz foi avaliada uma vez por estação em três profundidades de solo (0-5, 5-10 e 10-20 cm). Os pastos mistos apresentaram a maior biomassa radicular e isso pode ser explicado pela maior concentração de raízes na camada superficial do solo (0-5 cm). Esses achados reforçam a necessidade de práticas permanentes de conservação do solo para não prejudicar os benefícios da biomassa radicular mais abundante encontrada nos pastos mistos.

ABSTRACT: In this study we tested whether the root biomass of mixtures composed by grass species is greater than their respective monocultures. The treatments were monocultures of Arrhenatherum elatius, Festuca arundinacea, Dactylis glomerata, and a mixture of them, cultivated in a rich-soil environment. Root biomass was evaluated on a single evaluation per season at three soil depths (0-5, 5-10, and 10-20 cm). Mixed swards presented the greatest root biomass, and this was explained by a greater concentration in the topsoil layer (0-5 cm). These findings reinforce the need for permanent soil conservation practices to not jeopardize the benefits of the more abundant root biomass reported in the mixed swards.

ABSTRACT: This study evaluated the leaf area index (LAI) recovery mechanisms and forage accumulation rates on the regrowth of different grass species subjected to different defoliation intensities. For that purpose, plots of Pennisetum clandestinum (kikuyugrass), Lolium multiflorum (annual ryegrass), and Avena strigosa (black oats) were defoliated from 20 to 80 % of their initial heights (25, 20, and 25 cm, respectively). At different increments in height, forage samples were collected to ground level and used to estimate tiller population density (TPD), leaf area per tiller (LA), and forage mass. From these data, we calculated the leaf area index (LAI), average leaf area index (aLAI), and average and instantaneous forage accumulation rate (FAR and IFAR, respectively). Data were plotted over time (days) to describe LAI recovery and forage accumulation rates. As the defoliation intensity increased, greater canopy heights were needed for pastures to achieve their maximum forage accumulation rates, which required longer regrowth intervals. The need for high tiller recruitment after defoliation, which delayed canopy LAI recovery, seemed to be one of the main cause. Thus, grazing management strategies that involve costly tiller recruitment could decrease both overall forage production and sward persistence over time. However, the plant ability to recover LAI after successive intense defoliations seems to be species-dependent and related to their phenotypic plasticity.

RESUMO: O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar alturas de manejo para pastos de papuã sob lotação contínua em sistemas de integração lavoura-pecuária (ILP). Para tanto, doze pastos foram cultivados em uma área de ILP e mantidos em 10, 20, 30 ou 40 cm por meio de lotação contínua com caprinos. As seguintes variáveis foram analisadas: massa; taxa de acúmulo e oferta de forragem e de folhas; relação lâmina:colmo; composição química de amostras de simulação de pastejo; carga animal; ganho médio diário e produção animal por área. Os dados foram submetidos a análises de regressão e correlação. A significância adotada foi de 5% (P≤0,05). Os principais resultados foram: i) houve um aumento linear na massa de forragem e folhas com o aumento da altura de manejo e pastos com mais de 20 cm já apresentavam a quantidade mínima recomendada para cobertura de solo em ILP ii) o desempenho animal atingiu um platô assintótico nos pastos manejados entre 30-40 cm e foi altamente correlacionado com a altura de manejo e a disponibilidade de forragem (massa e oferta). Pastos de Papuã manejados sob lotação contínua em ILP devem ser mantidos entre 30-40 cm para favorecer a produção de biomassa de cobertura e o desempenho animal.

ABSTRACT: The aim of this experiment was to identify grazing height targets for Alexandergrass pastures under continuous stocking in integrated crop-livestock system (ICLS). For this purpose, twelve pastures were cultivated into an ICLS area, and maintained at 10, 20, 30, or 40 cm using grazing goats. The following variables were analyzed: leaf and herbage mass, accumulation rate, and allowance; leaf:stem ratio; chemical composition of hand-plucked samples; stocking rate; average daily gain and gain per area. The data were submitted to regression and correlation analysis. Significance was set at 5% (P≤0.05). The main results were: i) herbage and leaf lamina mass increased linearly with grazing height, and pastures maintained at 20 cm already presented the minimum amount recommended for soil cover in ICLS; ii) animal performance achieved an upper asymptotic plateau in pastures maintained around 30-40 cm and it was highly correlated with both grazing height and forage availability (mass and allowance). Alexandergrass pastures under continuous stocking in ICLS should be maintained between 30-40 cm to improve both cover crop biomass and animal performance.

RESUMO Dois experimentos complementares foram conduzidos para investigar as relações entre a estrutura do dossel de pastagens de Pennisetum clandestinum (capim-quicuiu) criadas por estratégias de lotação intermitente e o consumo de forragem por bovinos. O primeiro (Exp. I) avaliou o efeito de diferentes alturas em pré-pastejo (10, 15, 20 e 25 cm) associadas com uma única severidade de desfolhação (50% das alturas iniciais). No segundo (Exp. II) quatro severidades de desfolhação (40, 50, 60 ou 70% da altura total) foram combinadas com uma única altura inicial (25 cm). As variáveis analisadas foram: i) composição morfológica, massa e densidade do estrato de pastejo; ii) consumo de forragem. Os dados foram analisados por contrastes de polinômios ortogonais. Entretanto, para uma melhor caracterização das diferenças entre tratamentos, optou-se por comparar as médias de consumo pelo teste de Tukey. De modo geral, o consumo de forragem diminuiu com a redução da altura em pré-pastejo (Exp. I; P=0,03) ou com o aumento da severidade de desfolhação (Exp. II; P=0,02), em resposta as estruturas criadas antes e durante o processo de ocupação. Ademais, houve uma aparente abdicação dos animais em compensar estas condições com ajustes no comportamento ingestivo. Concluiu-se que alturas em pré-pastejo menores que 25 cm ou severidades de desfolhação maiores que 40% reduzem o consumo de forragem por bovinos em pastos de capim-quicuiu sob lotação intermitente.

ABSTRACT Two complementary experiments were conducted to investigate the relationships between the canopy structure of Pennisetum clandestinum (kikuyugrass) pastures created by intermittent stocking strategies and daily herbage intake by cattle. The first experiment (Exp. I) evaluated the relationship between different pre-grazing heights (10, 15, 20, and 25 cm) and a single defoliation intensity (50% reduction in the initial heights). In the second experiment (Exp. II), four defoliation intensities (40, 50, 60, or 70% reduction in height) were combined with a single pre-grazing height (25 cm). The following variables were analyzed: i) plant-part composition, herbage mass, and bulk density of the grazing layer; and ii) daily herbage intake. The data were analyzed using orthogonal polynomial contrasts. The Tukey-Kramer test was used to compare daily herbage intake means so that the differences among treatments could be characterized. In general, herbage intake decreased as the pre-grazing canopy height decreased (Exp. I; P = 0.03) and as defoliation intensity increased (Exp. II; P = 0.02). These response patterns were associated with canopy structure, both that existing before and that created during the stocking period. In conclusion, pre-grazing heights lower than 25 cm or defoliation intensities greater than 40% reduce daily herbage intake by cattle in kikuyugrass pastures under intermittent stocking.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the milk fatty acid (FA) composition of unsupplemented dairy cows grazing on elephantgrass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum. cv. Pioneiro) pastures under three grazing management strategies: pre-grazing height of 120 cm with defoliation intensities of 50 and 70% of the initial height (treatments 120/50 and 120/70) and pre-grazing height of 90 cm with defoliation intensity of 70% (treatment 90/70). Treatments were repeated three times in a complete randomized block design. Tester animals were six multiparous Holsteins cows grouped into pairs according to days in milk and milk yield and allocated to blocks. Individual milk samples were collected after the first and second days of grazing (two-day occupation period) and analyzed for FA composition. Milk fat from 120/50 and 90/70 treatments resulted in higher concentrations of C4:0, C6:0, C17:0 anteiso, rumenic acid (RA), vacenic acid (VA), trans-12 C18:1, trans-13/14 C18:1, cis-11 C18:1, cis-12 C18:1, cis-9, trans-12 C18:2, trans-11, cis-15 C18:2, and total polyunsaturated fatty acids. Additionally, both SCD14 (cis-9 14:1/14:0 + cis-9 14:1) and SCDRA (RA/VA + RA) desaturase indices were reduced in milk fat from cows subjected to 120/50 and 90/70 treatments. On average, the milk fat levels of RA and VA observed in our study were greater than those reported in most studies with tropical grass-based diets and similar to levels usually found in cows grazing on temperate pastures. Overall, our results showed that milk with a desirable fatty acid composition is produced by cows grazing on a tropical grass (elephantgrass cv. Pioneiro), with the combination of a pre-grazing height of 120 cm and a defoliation intensity of 50% of the initial height, being a practical management strategy to achieve this goal.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever a estrutura do dossel e o comportamento ingestivo de caprinos em pastos de papuã manejados sob lotação contínua. Os tratamentos corresponderam a quatro alturas de manejo (10, 20, 30 e 40 cm) mantidas através de taxa de lotação variável. As variáveis analisadas foram: composição morfológica, massa e densidade dos componentes; comprimento de lâminas foliares; valor nutritivo por simulação de pastejo; tempos de pastejo, ruminação e atividades complementares. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e teste de contrastes de polinômios ortogonais. Os principais resultados foram: i) com o aumento da altura de manejo, houve um aumento da massa (total e dos componentes morfológicos) e uma inversão na composição morfológica (redução na proporção de lâminas foliares e aumento na de colmos + material morto); ii) o comprimento de lâminas foliares aumentou com a altura de manejo; iii) os animais dedicaram mais tempo ao pastejo com a redução da altura de manejo, embora aparentemente tenham abdicado do pastejo no tratamento 10 cm ao final do experimento. Baseado nos dados de estrutura do dossel e comportamento ingestivo, concluiu-se que pastos de papuã sob lotação contínua devem ser manejados próximos de 40 cm. As razões são discutidas ao longo do artigo.

Abstract The aim of this trial was to describe the canopy structure and grazing behavior of goats in Alexandergrass swards under continuous stocking. The treatments corresponded to four sward canopy heights (10, 20, 30, and 40 cm) maintained by variable stocking density. The following variables were accessed: morphological composition; nutritive value by hand plucking; mass and density of morphological components; leaf lamina length; Time spent grazing, ruminating, and idling. The data were submitted to analysis of variance and polynomial orthogonal contrasts. The main results were: i) following the sward canopy height increments, there was an increment in forage mass (and its morphological components), as well as an inversion in morphological compositions (leaf proportion reduction and stem + dead material increment); ii) leaf lamina length increased with grazing height increments; iii) time spent grazing was increased following sward canopy height reduction, although animals apparently abdicated to graze in 10 cm treatment at the final of the experiment. Based on sward canopy structure and grazing behavior, we concluded that Alexandergrass under continuous stocking should be managed around 40 cm. Reason are discussed throughout the manuscript.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar alguns aspectos morfogênicos e estruturais para explicar eventuais alterações no acúmulo de forragem de pastos de papuã (Urochloa (Syn. Brachiaria) plantaginea) sob lotação contínua. Os tratamentos experimentais corresponderam a quatros alturas de dossel (10, 20, 30 e 40 cm), alocados às unidades experimentais conforme um delineamento de blocos completos casualisados, com três repetições. As variáveis analisadas foram: taxa de alongamento, aparecimento e senescência foliar; densidade populacional de perfilhos; comprimento e número de lâminas foliares por perfilho; índice de área foliar (IAF); taxa de acúmulo de forragem. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste t de "Student" (P≤0,05). Os principais resultados obtidos foram: i) diferentes alturas de manejo apresentam diferentes ritmos de aparecimento, crescimento e morte de tecidos; ii) pastos manejados entre 30-40 cm apresentaram os maiores valores de IAF e foram semelhantes entre si; iii) a taxa de acúmulo aumentou com o aumento da altura de manejo, mas não foi alterada a partir de 30 cm. Recomenda-se manejar pastos de papuã sob lotação contínua com não menos que 30 cm quando o objetivo for maximizar a produção de forragem.

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate some morphogenetic and structural characteristics to explain variations in forage accumulation of Alexandergrass (Urochloa (Syn. Brachiaria) plantaginea) under continuous stocking method. The experimental treatments consisted of four grazing heights (10, 20, 30, and 40 cm), allocated to experimental units following a randomized block design with three replicates. The following variables were analyzed: leaf appearance, elongation, and senescence rates, leaf lamina length, number of leaves per tiller, leaf area index (LAI), and forage accumulation rate. Data were submitted to analysis of variance and means were compared by Student's t-test (P≤0.05). The main results were: i) different grazing heights had different tissue flows; ii) grazing heights between 30-40 cm showed the highest LAI, and produced similar values; iii) forage accumulation rate increased according to grazing height increments, but did not change above 30 cm. In conclusion, Alexandergrass pastures under continuous stocking should not be maintained at grazing heights lower than 30 cm if the objective is to maximize forage production.

ABSTRACT The milk and meat from animals with a pasture-based diet have higher proportions of CLA and C18:3 and lower omega-6:omega-3 ratios than products from animals with diets based on corn silage and concentrate. However, most of the published studies have evaluated fatty acid profiles in temperate climate grasses and the literature with tropical grasses is scarce. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the morphological and fatty acid compositions in the vertical strata of elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.) swards subjected to grazing heights (90 or 120 cm pre-grazing heights) and levels of defoliation (50% or 70% removal of the initial pre-grazing height). There were no interactions among pre-grazing height, the level of defoliation and grazing stratum. However, higher proportion of C18:3 (58% and 63%) was found in the 90-cm swards and in the half upper stratum. A higher proportion of C18:3 was associated with a higher leaf proportion and crude protein content. Thus, the upper stratum of sward or a grazing management scheme (e.g. first-last stocking) resulting in a higher proportion of leaves and crude protein both provide higher proportions of C18:3 to animals grazing in elephant grass swards.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o acúmulo de forragem durante o período de ocupação pelos animais em pastos de capim-quicuiu (Pennisetum clandestinum Hochst. Ex. Chiov.) manejados sob lotação intermitente. Os tratamentos consistiram de quatro proporções de desfolhação (remoção de 40, 50, 60 e 70% da altura inicial) partindo de uma mesma altura em pré-pastejo (20 cm). Foram avaliadas: taxas de alongamento foliar e colmos e senescência de folhas, índice de área foliar e taxa de acúmulo de forragem. Adicionalmente, dez perfilhos por faixa foram avaliados para as mesmas variáveis dentro de gaiolas de exclusão. Os efeitos linear, quadrático e cúbico da severidade de desfolhação foram avaliados por contrastes de polinômios ortogonais com 5% de nível de significância. Houve relação linear e inversa entre a porcentagem do índice de área foliar removido e o alongamento de lâminas foliares e o acúmulo de forragem. As taxas de alongamento de folhas em perfilhos bem como o acúmulo de forragem nas áreas excluídas do pastejo foram maiores em relação aos pastos submetidos a desfolhação. Durante o período de rebaixamento de pastos manejados sob lotação intermitente ocorre acúmulo de forragem e o mesmo é linear e inversamente associado à proporção da área foliar removida.

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the forage accumulation during the stocking period on Kikuyu grass pastures (Pennisetum clandestinum Hochst. Ex. Chiov) subjected to intermittent stocking. Treatments consisted of four defoliation levels (removal of 40, 50, 60, and 70% relative to the initial height) starting from the same pre-grazing height (20 cm). The following variables were evaluated: leaf and stem elongation rates (evaluated during four times across the period of occupation), leaf area index, and forage accumulation rates. Additionally, ten tillers/strip were evaluated for the same variables into exclusion cages. The linear, quadratic and cubic effects of severity of defoliation were evaluated by orthogonal polynomials contrasts with 5% of significance level. There was a linear and inverse relationship between the proportion of removed leaf area index with leaf elongation and herbage accumulation rate. The leaf elongation rate in individual tillers and the forage accumulation rates of tillers on excluded areas from grazing were greater than those under grazing. During the stocking period on pastures submitted to intermittent grazing, forage accumulation was observed and it was linear and negatively correlated with the proportion of leaf area removed.

As características morfogênicas e estruturais das plantas forrageiras, bem como os processos de crescimento e senescência de tecidos podem variar de acordo com as estratégias de manejo utilizadas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o processo de rebrotação em pastos de capim-elefante, cultivar 'Pioneiro', submetidos a duas alturas em pré-pastejo (90 e 120cm) combinadas com duas severidades de desfolhação (50 e 70% da altura inicial). Ao longo das fases de rebrotação, ocorreu uma diminuição das taxas de alongamento foliar (TAF), aparecimento de folhas (TAP) e da densidade populacional de perfilhos aéreos (DPPA), aumento das taxas de senescência foliares (TSF) e alongamento de colmo mais pseudocolmo (TACP). A severidade de desfolha de 70% aliada à altura em pré-pastejo de 120cm comprometeu o processo de rebrotação do capim-elefante cv. 'Pioneiro', devendo este ser manejado com altura máxima de 90cm e com severidade de desfolha não excedendo 50% da altura inicial.

The morphogenetic and structural characteristics of forage plants and the processes of growth and senescence in tissues may vary according to the grazing management strategies used. This research aimed to assess the process of regrowth in elephant grass swards Cv. 'Pioneiro' submitted to two pre-grazing heights (90 and 120cm) combined with two levels of defoliation (50 and 70%). A reduction of the leaf elongation rate (LER) was observed during the regrowth stages, in addition to a reduction in the rate of leaf appearance (LAR) and aerial tiller population density (ATPD). In contrast, an increase was observed in leaf senescence (LSR) and stem and pseudo stem elongation rates (SER). The severe defoliation (70%) combined with a pre-grazing height of 120cm compromised the regrowth of elephant grass cv. 'Pioneiro', which must be managed with a maximum height of 90cm and maximum level of defoliation of 50% of the initial height.

O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a participação relativa de colmo na estrutura vertical de pastos de capim Aruana e azevém anual submetidos a estratégias de pastejo intermitente por ovinos. Os tratamentos para o capim Aruana corresponderam a pastejos realizados quando os pastos atingiam 95 e 98% de interceptação da luz incidente (IL) até as alturas pós-pastejo de 10 e 15cm. Para o azevém anual, os tratamentos corresponderam a pastejos realizados quando os pastos atingiam 15 e 25cm de altura pré-pastejo até as alturas pós-pastejo de 4 e 8cm. O delineamento experimental utilizado para as duas espécies foi inteiramente casualizado, em arranjo fatorial 2x2, com três repetições. Para quantificação da massa de colmo na estrutura vertical dos pastos, foram realizadas duas amostragens no pré-pastejo por unidade experimental (piquetes de 196m²) utilizando-se um quadrado de 25cm x 25cm de lado, em cada ciclo de pastejo. As amostras foram coletadas de forma estratificada a cada 5cm até o nível do solo. Após o corte estratificado, o material foi separado em colmo, folhas e material morto. Independente da espécie vegetal ou da altura de entrada, aproximadamente 90% de todo o colmo dos pastos encontra-se presente até 50% da altura do pasto, indicando que possíveis reduções em consumo a partir desse momento no rebaixamento podem ser atribuídas a dificuldades em manipulação e apreensão da forragem.

The aim of this study was to determine the relative contribution of stem in the vertical structure of Aruana guineagrass and annual ryegrass pastures submitted to strategies of rotational grazing by sheep. Treatments for Aruana guineagrass corresponded to grazing when the swards intercepted 95 and 98% of the incident light (LI) until the post-grazing heights of 10 and 15cm. For annual ryegrass, treatments corresponded to grazing when the swards reached 15 and 25cm (pre-grazing heights) until the post-grazing of 4 and 8cm. The experimental design for two species was a completely randomized in a 2x2 factorial scheme, with three replications. To quantify the stem mass present at each 5cm in the vertical structure of the pastures two samples were taken per experimental unit (paddocks of 196m²) using a square of 25cmx25cm. Cut samples was separated in leaves, stem and dead material. Regardless of plant species or pre-grazing height, approximately 90% of the stem is present up to 50% of sward height, suggesting that reported intake reduction beyond this point can be attributed to difficulties in forage manipulation and apprehension.